APPENDIX
Appendix A: How to Use This Resource
This guide is built for practical use at every stage of the legislative process. Whether evaluating current law or drafting new proposals, users can engage with the material in several ways:
- Compare existing state statutes to the model laws to identify gaps, conflicts, or opportunities for improvement.
- Use complete model legislation as the foundation for introducing comprehensive reform.
- Select specific sections to address targeted vulnerabilities or administrative challenges.
- Combine provisions from multiple policy areas to develop tailored, state-specific solutions.
Each section aligns directly with a principle in the Election Integrity Policies Handbook, making it easy to move from policy rationale to legislative action. Users are encouraged to work with legislative counsel to ensure proper integration into existing statutes and compliance with state constitutional requirements.
Structure of the Guide
For each Election Integrity principle, this Resource Guide provides model legislative language, organized into clearly labeled sections that can stand alone or be combined. Draft provisions are written for immediate adaptation and introduction, supporting both comprehensive reform packages and targeted, incremental changes.
Quick Start
(This Resource Guide is designed to help legislators, staff, and citizen advocates move quickly from identifying an election integrity concern to developing actionable legislation.)
Identify the Issue
Start by identifying the election process or vulnerability you want to address.
Locate the Relevant Principle
Use the Table of Contents or Master Index to find the corresponding Election Integrity principle.
Review Available Models
Within that section, review the model legislative options and select the approach that best fits your objective.
Select Your Approach
Choose how you want to proceed:
- Use a complete model bill for comprehensive reform
- Adopt specific sections to address targeted issues
- Combine provisions from multiple sections as needed
Customize for Your State
Insert state-specific terms where indicated by brackets (e.g., [Chief Election Official], [Title ___], [date]).
Remove or modify provisions as appropriate and align formatting with your state’s drafting conventions.
Work with Legislative Counsel or Sponsors
Coordinate with legislative counsel, or share draft language with a sponsoring legislator, to ensure proper integration into existing statutes and compliance with state constitutional requirements.
Start Anywhere: You do not need to use this guide in sequence. Begin with the issue most relevant to your state.
Appendix B: Supporting Reference Materials for Model Laws
Appendix B.1 – Only Citizens Participate in U.S. Elections in Any Manner
Key federal statutes and authorities
- National Voter Registration Act of 1993 (NVRA), 52 U.S.C. § 20501 et seq.
https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?path=/prelim@title52/subtitle2/chapter205&edition=prelim - Help America Vote Act of 2002 (HAVA), 52 U.S.C. § 20901 et seq.
https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?path=/prelim@title52/subtitle2/chapter209&edition=prelim - Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 – § 656.
https://www.congress.gov/104/crpt/hrpt828/CRPT-104hrpt828.pdf - REAL ID Act of 2005; Department of Homeland Security (DHS) regulations (6 C.F.R. Part 37).
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-16376/pdf/COMPS-16376.pdf - U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) SAVE Program.
https://www.uscis.gov/save - Social Security Act § 205(r) – Death Master File.
https://www.ssa.gov/OP_Home/ssact/title02/0205.htm - 18 U.S.C. § 611 – Voting by aliens.
https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/611 - 52 U.S.C. § 10307 – Voting fraud and related offenses.
https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/52/10307
2025–2026 federal legislation support
- Safeguard American Voter Eligibility (SAVE) Act (H.R. 22, 119th Congress) – requires documentary proof of U.S. citizenship for federal voter registration (passed House April 10, 2025).
https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/22/text
Selected state statutes and models
- Kansas SAFE Act – proof‑of‑citizenship and ID.
https://ksrevisor.gov/statutes/ksa_ch25.html - Alabama photo ID and citizenship provisions.
https://law.justia.com/codes/alabama/title-17/chapter-9/article-2/section-17-9-30/ - Arizona Prop 200, H.B. 2243 – citizenship verification.
https://www.recorder.pima.gov/images/prop200_text.pdf - Georgia S.B. 202 – ID and registration changes.
https://www.legis.ga.gov/api/legislation/document/20212022/201121
Georgia S.B. 202 (2021 Election Integrity Act) – restricts ballot drop boxes to one per 100,000 registered voters, requires indoor placement at early-voting sites only (available only during early-voting hours), and imposes photo ID for absentee ballots. Key provisions upheld in federal court in 2025.
Enrolled bill text: https://www.legis.ga.gov/api/legislation/document/20212022/201498 - Missouri Const. Amendment 6.
https://www.sos.mo.gov/CMSImages/Elections/2024GeneralElectionBallotMeasures.pdf - North Dakota election rules (no registration; strict residency/ID).
https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t16-1c01.pdf - Texas Election Code, tit. 2 (citizenship affirmation & ID).
https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/EL/htm/EL.13.htm - Wyoming House Bill 156 (2025) / House Enrolled Act 57 – requires documentary proof of U.S. citizenship and 30-day Wyoming residency for voter registration (effective July 1, 2025; one of the strictest statewide requirements).
Official summary and text: https://sos.wyo.gov/Elections/Legislation/2025.aspx
Bill text: https://www.wyoleg.gov/Legislation/2025/HB0156 - South Dakota Senate Bill 175 (2026) – requires proof of U.S. citizenship for new voter registrations (signed March 2026; applies to first-time registrants and those removed from rolls; does not affect already-registered voters).
Bill information: https://sdlegislature.gov/Session/Bill/27075 - State laws on foreign spending in ballot‑measure campaigns.
https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_foreign_spending_in_ballot_measure_campaigns
Key court decisions
- Crawford v. Marion County Election Bd., 553 U.S. 181 (2008).
https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/553/181/ - Arizona v. Inter Tribal Council (ITCA), 570 U.S. 1 (2013).
https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/12-71 - Fish v. Kobach, 840 F.3d 710 (10th Cir. 2016).
https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca10/16-3147/16-3147-2016-10-19.html - League of Women Voters v. Newby (D.C. Cir. 2016).
https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-dc-circuit/1748970.html - Brnovich v. DNC, 594 U.S. ___ (2021).
https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/19-1257_g204.pdf
Reports and model resources
- Heritage Foundation – citizenship and proof‑of‑citizenship analyses.
https://www.heritage.org/election-integrity - Public Interest Legal Foundation – “Alien Invasion” series.
https://publicinterestlegal.org/research/ - Honest Elections Project – 2024 reform report (citizenship section).
https://honestelections.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/HEP_2024-Election-Reform-Report_v4.pdf - American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC)
- Statement of Principles on Legislative Oversight.
https://alec.org/model-policy/statement-of-principles-on-legislative-oversight/
- Resolution to Restore Citizenship on United States Census.
https://alec.org/model-policy/resolution-to-include-citizenship-on-united-states-census/
- Only Citizens Vote Model Policy
https://alec.org/model-policy/only-citizens-vote-model-policy/
- Citizen Only Voting Amendment
https://alec.org/model-policy/citizen-only-voting-amendment/
- U.S. Election Assistance Commission (EAC) – HAVA resources.
https://www.eac.gov/about/help_america_vote_act.aspx - National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) – voter ID & proof‑of‑citizenship database.
https://www.ncsl.org/elections-and-campaigns/voter-id - Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Election Data & Science Lab – research library.
https://electionlab.mit.edu/research
Appendix B.2 – Voter ID for All Votes/Voters: Acceptable ID Confirms Citizenship
Use Policy B.1’s authorities plus:
Key resources
- National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) voter ID overview (photo/non‑photo, in‑person and mail).
https://www.ncsl.org/elections-and-campaigns/voter-id - Crawford v. Marion County Election Bd. (photo ID).
https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/553/181/ - MIT Election Data & Science Lab – turnout and ID research.
https://electionlab.mit.edu/research - State examples applying ID to mail ballots (Georgia, Texas, Arizona) summarized via
NCSL.
https://www.ncsl.org/elections-and-campaigns/voter-id
2025–2026 federal legislation support
- Securing our Elections Act of 2025 (H.R. 156) – establishes consistent photo ID requirements for federal elections.
https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/156/text
Reports and model resources
- Honest Elections Project (HEP)
- The Interstate Voter Assistance Act
- The Documentary Proof of Citizenship Act
- American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC)
- Interstate Voter Assistance Act
https://alec.org/model-policy/interstate-voter-assistance-act/
- Valid Voter Identification Act
https://alec.org/model-policy/voter-id-citizenship-on-id-act/
- Resolution to Restore Citizenship on United States Census.
https://alec.org/model-policy/resolution-to-include-citizenship-on-united-states-census/
Appendix B.3 – Restore Election Day, Qualify Absentee Voters, Results on Election Night
Short, focused early‑voting models
- Kentucky in‑person absentee (3 days).
https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/law/statutes/statute.aspx?id=51074 - Oklahoma in‑person absentee (3–5 days).
https://www.oscn.net/applications/oscn/DeliverDocument.asp?CiteID=435047 - Louisiana early voting (7 days).
https://www.legis.la.gov/Legis/Law.aspx?d=81354 - Missouri – RSMo § 115.279(2) (effective 2022): “Notwithstanding section 115.284, no individual, group, or party shall solicit a voter into obtaining an absentee ballot application. Absentee ballot applications shall not have the information prefilled prior to it being provided to a voter. Nothing in this section shall be interpreted to prohibit a state or local election authority from assisting an individual voter.”
- Alabama – Code of Alabama § 17-11-4(b)(2): “It shall be unlawful for any person to knowingly distribute an absentee ballot application to a voter which is prefilled with the voter’s name or any other information required on the application form.” Violations involving payment or third-party prefilling can rise to a Class C felony.
- South Dakota – SDCL § 12-19-1.3: “No person may distribute an absentee ballot application to a voter that is prefilled with the voter’s name and registration address.” (With limited exceptions for authorized assistance and election officials assisting upon voter request.)
- Georgia –
O.C.G.A. § 21-2-381(a)(1)(C)(ii) (as amended by SB 202, 2021; upheld by federal court in 2025): Prohibits any person or entity (other than certain authorized relatives or assistants) from sending an elector an absentee ballot application that is prefilled with the elector’s required information. The court recognized that prefilled applications “sparked confusion and concern about voter fraud, especially when the prefilled information was incorrect.”
Research and commentary
- White House Executive Order 14248 – “Preserving and Protecting the Integrity of American Elections.”
https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/03/preserving-and-protecting-the-integrity-of-american-elections/ - Heritage – “The Costs of Early Voting.”
https://www.heritage.org/election-integrity/report/the-costs-early-voting#_ftnref1 - Burden et al., “Election Laws, Mobilization, and Turnout” (AJPS, 2014).
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ajps.12063/full - U.S. Election Project – turnout data.
http://www.electproject.org/home/voter-turnout/voter-turnout-data - Kontorovich & McGinnis – “The Case Against Early Voting.”
http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/01/early-voting-the-case-against-102748 - Honest Elections Project – 2024 reform report (early/mail sections).
https://honestelections.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/HEP_2024-Election-Reform-Report_v4.pdf - Voting Integrity Institute – early voting issue brief.
https://votingintegrityinstitute.org/issues/early-voting/ - Ballotpedia – arguments on no‑excuse absentee/mail‑in voting.
https://ballotpedia.org/Arguments_for_and_against_no-excuse_absentee/mail-in_voting - Empire Center – no‑excuse mail‑in voting in New York.
https://www.empirecenter.org/publications/history-and-tradition-weigh-against-no-excuse-mail-in-voting-in-new-york/
Georgia-specific model on drop boxes and absentee security
Georgia S.B. 202 (2021) – restricts no-excuse absentee voting expansions and ballot drop boxes (limited to one per 100,000 registered voters, indoors at early-voting sites only).
Reports and model resources
- American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC)
- The Uniform Election Dates Act
https://alec.org/model-policy/the-homeowners-right-to-choose-inspection-and-review-services-act-2/
- Mail Voting Deadlines Act
https://alec.org/model-policy/deadlines-for-mail-voting-act/
- Deadline for Return and Receipt of all Ballots Act
https://alec.org/model-policy/deadline-for-return-and-receipt-of-all-ballots-act/
- Honest Elections Project (HEP)
- The Uniform Election Dates Act
Appendix B.4 – Confirm Citizenship, Identity, and Residency of All Voters; Rigorous Voter Roll Maintenance
Re‑use
NVRA,
HAVA,
REAL ID,
USCIS SAVE,
SSA Death Master File, and key cases from Policy I, plus:
Key resources
- EAC – list‑maintenance and voter‑registration resources.
https://www.eac.gov - NCSL – voter‑list accuracy and list‑maintenance page.
https://www.ncsl.org/elections-and-campaigns/voter-list-accuracy - Sample state list‑maintenance statutes (Kansas, Georgia, Texas, Wyoming, South Dakota) drawn from state codes cited in Policy I.
2025–2026 federal legislation support
- Make Elections Great Again Act (H.R. 7300, introduced January 30, 2026) – strengthens voter-roll maintenance and citizenship verification.
https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/7300/text
Reports and model resources
- Honest Elections Project (HEP)
- The Never Resided Act
- American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC)
- The Never Resided Act
https://alec.org/model-policy/prohibiting-foreign-funding-from-ballot-initiatives-act-2-2-2/
- Interstate Voter Assistance Act
https://alec.org/model-policy/interstate-voter-assistance-act/
Appendix B.5 – Replace All Vulnerable/Insecure Voting Technology: Use Only Pre‑Printed Paper Ballots, Hand Marked
Core technical standards
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) SP 800‑53 Rev. 5 – Security and Privacy Controls.
https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-53/rev-5/final - Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) 200 – Minimum Security Requirements for Federal Information and Information Systems.
https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/fips/200/final - NIST Election Security Project – overview.
https://www.nist.gov/itl/voting/research-and-projects/election-security - NIST Election Security Guides (infographics and fact sheets).
https://www.nist.gov/itl/voting/election-security-guides - NIST Voting Systems Program /
Voluntary Voting System Guidelines (VVSG) technical work.
https://www.nist.gov/voting-systems - VVSG 2.0 – Voluntary Voting System Guidelines (EAC).
https://www.eac.gov/voting-equipment/voluntary-voting-system-guidelines - NIST Cybersecurity Framework Election Infrastructure Profile.
https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/vts/200/1/final
Georgia-specific model/proposal
Senate Bill 214 (2026) – would require transition to hand-marked paper ballots; passed Georgia House 132–39 on April 2, 2026.
Full bill text: https://www.legis.ga.gov/legislation/70548
2025–2026 federal legislation support
- Make Elections Great Again Act (H.R. 7300) – requires voter-verifiable paper ballots.
Reports and model resources
- American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC)
- One Citizen, One Vote Act
https://alec.org/model-policy/safeguard-american-votes-and-elections-act-save-act/
Appendix B.6 – Confirm Accuracy of Election Results Pre‑Certification; Require Post‑Election Independent Audits
Key resources
- EAC – election security preparedness and audit resources.
https://www.eac.gov/election-officials/election-security-preparedness - EAC – fact sheet “Serving
Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act (UOCAVA) Voters” (for military/overseas timing interactions).
https://www.eac.gov/sites/default/files/2025-05/UOCAVA_Fact_Sheet_V2.1_Final_508.pdf - NIST – Election Security Project (includes audit‑related guidance).
https://www.nist.gov/itl/voting/research-and-projects/election-security - Applying the
NIST Cybersecurity Framework to Elections (EAC/NIST slide deck).
https://www.eac.gov/sites/default/files/event_document/files/day2-2017-02-14-12_00-01-franklin-cybersecurity-framework1.pdf - NIST – security recommendations for election systems.
https://www.nist.gov/itl/voting/security-recommendations - State risk‑limiting audit statutes (e.g., Colorado) to be added by counsel as state‑specific examples.
2025–2026 federal legislation support
- Make Elections Great Again Act (H.R. 7300) – authorizes HAVA funds for post-election audits.
Appendix B.7 – Ensure Transparency of Election Records lection Records and Public Access
Key resources
- NVRA and
HAVA public‑records concepts (see Policy I
U.S. Code citations).
https://uscode.house.gov - EAC – general guidance and resources on election administration and records.
https://www.eac.gov - Your state’s public‑records/open‑records statute (to be inserted).
- Examples of proactive transparency portals or statewide election‑results sites from peer states, to be added as your team selects preferred models.
Reports and model resources
- American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC)
- Audit Election Irregularities Act
https://alec.org/model-policy/audit-election-irregularities-act/
- Procedural Election Audits Act
https://alec.org/model-policy/prohibiting-foreign-funding-from-ballot-initiatives-act-2/
- Honest Elections Project (HEP)
- Procedural Election Audits Act
https://honestelections.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/OLD-HEP_Model-Bill-Election-Audits_v3.pdf
Appendix B.8 – Protect Deployed Military Voters, Separate from Overseas Civilians
Core federal law and guidance
- Federal Voting Assistance Program (FVAP) –
UOCAVA overview.
https://www.fvap.gov/info/laws/uocava - Department of Justice (DOJ) –
UOCAVA enforcement page.
https://www.justice.gov/crt/uniformed-and-overseas-citizens-absentee-voting-act - FVAP – About page (administration of
UOCAVA).
https://www.fvap.gov/info/about - FVAP – “How Election Officials Serve
UOCAVA Voters.”
https://www.fvap.gov/eo/overview - EAC – fact sheet “Serving
UOCAVA Voters.”
https://www.eac.gov/sites/default/files/2025-05/UOCAVA_Fact_Sheet_V2.1_Final_508.pdf
State models
- Pennsylvania
Uniformed and Overseas Military Overseas Voting Act (UMOVA) (Title 25).
https://www.legis.state.pa.us/WU01/LI/LI/CT/HTM/25/25.HTM - Ohio Revised Code Chapter 3511 (including § 3511.021).
https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/chapter-3511 - Arizona military/overseas absentee (e.g., A.R.S. § 16‑547).
https://www.azleg.gov/ars/16/00547.htm - Alabama military absentee (e.g., § 17‑11‑49).
https://dev.alison.legislature.state.al.us/code-of-alabama?section=17-11-49 - Local practice example – Okaloosa County, FL, military/overseas voter guidance.
https://www.voteokaloosa.gov/voters/military-overseas-voters/
Reports and model resources
- Honest Elections Project (HEP)
- The Never Resided Act
- American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC)
- The Never Resided Act
https://alec.org/model-policy/prohibiting-foreign-funding-from-ballot-initiatives-act-2-2-2/
Appendix B.9 – Stop Billionaire‑Concocted Election Schemes
Private funding bans
- NCSL – “Prohibiting Private Funding of Elections.”
https://www.ncsl.org/elections-and-campaigns/prohibiting-private-funding-of-elections - Election Innovation Lab – overview of private‑funding bans.
https://electioninnovation.org/research/overview-of-private-funding-bans/ - Ballotpedia – laws governing private funding of elections.
https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_the_private_funding_of_elections - American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) – “Banning Private Funding and Influence in Election Administration Act.”
https://alec.org/model-policy/banning-private-funding-and-influence-in-election-administration-act/
Foreign funding in ballot measures
- Ballotpedia – foreign spending in ballot‑measure campaigns.
https://ballotpedia.org/Laws_governing_foreign_spending_in_ballot_measure_campaigns
Ranked‑choice voting bans
- Ballotpedia news – state
ranked-choice voting (RCV) bans (example: Indiana becomes 19th state to ban
RCV).
https://news.ballotpedia.org/2026/03/03/the-ballot-bulletin-indiana-becomes-the-19th-state-to-ban-ranked-choice-voting/ - NCSL / Ballotpedia overview pages on
RCV adoption and repeal (to be added as your team selects citations).
Reports and model resources
- American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC)
- No Taxpayer Money for Lobbying by Political Subdivisions Act
https://alec.org/model-policy/no-taxpayer-money-for-lobbying-by-political-subdivisions-act/
- Prohibiting Foreign Funding from Ballot Measures Act
https://alec.org/model-policy/prohibiting-foreign-funding-from-ballot-measures-act/
- Protecting Election Administration from Private Funding and Influence Act
https://alec.org/model-policy/banning-private-funding-and-influence-in-election-administration-act/
- One Citizen, One Vote Act
https://alec.org/model-policy/safeguard-american-votes-and-elections-act-save-act/
- Statement of Principles for Presidential Elections
https://alec.org/model-policy/draft-statement-of-principles-for-presidential-elections/
- Honest Elections Project (HEP)
- The Zuck Bucks 2.0 Certification and Disclosures Act
https://honestelections.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/OLD-HEP_Model-Bill-Zuck-Bucks_v2.pdf
- The Stop Zuck Bucks 2.0 Act
https://honestelections.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/OLD-HEP_Model-Bill-Stop-Zuck-Bucks-2.0_v3.pdf
Appendix B.10 – Citizen Standing to Enforce Election Laws; Protect Laws from Left‑Wing Legal Apparatus; Accountability and Penalties for Violations
Private enforcement and citizen‑suit models
- Congressional Research Service (CRS) and legal scholarship on private rights of action and citizen‑suit provisions (environmental, civil‑rights, open‑records analogues).
- Congressional Research Service (CRS): Recent Developments in the Rights of Private Individuals to Enforce Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act (Legal Sidebar LSB10954, updated February 20, 2024).
https://www.congress.gov/crs_external_products/LSB/PDF/LSB10954/LSB10954.2.pdf - Congressional Research Service (CRS): A Circuit Court Split Over Whether the Voting Rights Act Permits Minority Coalition Claims (Legal Sidebar LSB11297, April 30, 2025) — analyzes private rights of action under Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act, including circuit court splits on standing and enforcement implications.
https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/LSB11297 - Congressional Research Service (CRS): Voter Registration: Recent Developments and Issues for Congress (Report R46406, updated February 7, 2025) — covers NVRA implementation, voter registration enforcement challenges, and related federal-state issues.
https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/2025-02-07_R46406_9ccdf79e5f3ebf7e2a8c849a0c1b7bc400d03ff1.html - Congressional Research Service (CRS): Election Law and the Supreme Court in 2026: Pending Cases on Redistricting, Campaign Finance, and Mail-In Ballots (Legal Sidebar LSB11419, April 15, 2026) — provides an overview of pending Supreme Court cases with implications for election enforcement and private actions.
https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/LSB11419 - (Example placeholder citation: CRS “Recent Developments in the Rights of Private Individuals to Enforce Federal Law.”)
- State‑level citizen‑suit provisions in non‑election contexts (ethics, open meetings, public‑records, environmental enforcement), to be filled in with your chosen state examples.
Qui tam and whistleblower‑style accountability
- Congressional Research Service (CRS): Qui Tam: The False Claims Act and Related Federal Statutes (Report R40785, April 26, 2021) — explains
qui tam actions (private citizens, known as relators, suing on behalf of the government to recover fraudulently obtained funds and sharing in the recovery), the structure of the False Claims Act, government intervention rights, relator incentives (15–30% of proceeds), dismissal standards, and related federal statutes. This is especially useful for readers unfamiliar with the term
qui tam.
https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R40785 - Congressional Research Service (CRS): Qui Tam: An Abridged Look at the False Claims Act and Related Federal Statutes (Report R40786, April 26, 2021) — a shorter version of the above for quick reference.
https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R40786 - Congressional Research Service (CRS): Legal Standards for Government Dismissal of Qui Tam Cases Under the False Claims Act (Legal Sidebar LSB11047, September 27, 2023) — discusses standards for government dismissal of qui tam actions, including the Supreme Court’s Polansky decision and implications for relator rights.
https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/LSB11047.html - Scholarship on qui tam litigation against government officials under the False Claims Act, including separation‑of‑powers analysis.
https://ndlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Beck-07.pdf - Additional commentary on government control over qui tam suits and relator‑based enforcement.
https://www.yalejreg.com/wp-content/uploads/07.-Li-Note.-Print.pdf - Practice‑oriented summaries of qui tam and whistleblower incentives.
https://natlawreview.com/article/qui-tam-litigation-answers-frequent-whistleblower-questions
Recent election‑law enforcement debates
- Texas S.B. 1 bill text (2021) – enforcement and penalty structure for election offenses.
https://legiscan.com/TX/text/SB1/id/2424492 - Litigation and advocacy materials critiquing S.B. 1’s enforcement mechanisms, to anticipate arguments about private enforcement and penalties.
https://www.aclu.org/press-releases/major-victory-in-lawsuit-against-texas-anti-voter-law-s-b-1
Reports and model resources
- American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC)
- No Taxpayer Money for Lobbying by Political Subdivisions Act
https://alec.org/model-policy/no-taxpayer-money-for-lobbying-by-political-subdivisions-act/
- Prohibiting Foreign Funding from Ballot Measures Act
https://alec.org/model-policy/prohibiting-foreign-funding-from-ballot-measures-act/
- Protecting Election Administration from Private Funding and Influence Act
https://alec.org/model-policy/banning-private-funding-and-influence-in-election-administration-act/
- One Citizen, One Vote Act
https://alec.org/model-policy/safeguard-american-votes-and-elections-act-save-act/
- Election Crime Prosecution Act
https://alec.org/model-policy/election-crime-prosecution-act/
- Statement of Principles for Presidential Elections
https://alec.org/model-policy/draft-statement-of-principles-for-presidential-elections/